|
|
| (83 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| '''C. IVLI CAESARIS COMMENTARII DE BELLO GALLICO'''
| | <center>[[Caesar Gallic War]] | [[Bibliography of Editions Used]] | [[Maps and Tools]] | [[About]] | [[Contact]] </center> |
| | __NOTOC__ |
| | ---- |
|
| |
|
| '''THE GALLIC WAR, BY [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar JULIUS CAESAR]''' | | <center>'''SELECTIONS FROM THE GALLIC WAR, BY JULIUS CAESAR'''</center> |
|
| |
|
| Source of the text: [http://thelatinlibrary.com/caesar/gall1.shtml THE LATIN LIBRARY at Ad Fontes Academy]
| | ---- |
| <!--
| |
| Converted to wiki text by [mailto:francese@dickinson.edu R.C. Alvarado] Fro Jun 4 2010
| |
| --> | |
|
| |
|
| The notes below are intended to help students of Latin on matters of grammar, vocabulary, and Latin idiom. It is assumed that readers are using a good Latin dictionary, such as Cassell's, or [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?redirect=true&lang=Latin Lewis and Short].
| | '''LATIN TEXT WITH VOCABULARY AND EXPLANATORY NOTES FROM VARIOUS SOURCES:''' [[Image:WickerMan.jpg|thumb|Wicker Man]] |
|
| |
|
| '''Source Material for Comments'''
| | *[[Book 1.1-7]] |
|
| |
|
| [http://classicsindex.wikispaces.com/caesar classicsindex Caesar page] | | *[[Book 4.24-36.1]] |
|
| |
|
| | *[[Book 5.24-48]] |
|
| |
|
| '''Reference Works'''
| | *[[Book 6.13-20]] |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| '''Abbreviations'''
| | *[[CaesarSelectionsPlainText|plain text of the selections]] |
|
| |
|
| | *[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B-WLwDfm6jdpNDAwMWRhMDgtZWIyMi00NTIwLWFmZTktMTc4YzI5NDYyODA3&hl=en_US) printable .pdf version] of the text, vocabulary, and notes, prepared by Nicholas Mauriello, August 2011. Must have Google gmail account to access. |
|
| |
|
| '''Vita Caesaris'''
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Vita Caesaris Latina|Vita Caesaris Latina]] | | [[Recent Changes]] |
|
| |
|
| '''Argumenta Dinterii'''
| | [[CaesarBGContributors|Contributors]] |
|
| |
|
| [[Argumenta|Argumenta]] | | [[Articles and notices about this site|Press clippings]] |
|
| |
|
| | '''PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS SITE IS NO LONGER BEING UPDATED. PLEASE VISIT THE NEW AND IMPROVED SITE [http://dcc.dickinson.edu/ HERE!]''' |
|
| |
|
| = Text: Book 1 =
| | :Chris Francese, Dies Pariliae, 2012 |
| == Section 1 ==
| |
| === Gallia est omnis divisa in partis tris, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. ===
| |
| | |
| [[VocabularyBG1.1|Vocabulary]]
| |
| | |
| Gallia . . . omnis: ‘Gaul as a whole,’ contrasted with Gaul in the narrower sense, or Celtic Gaul, Celtic Gaul also is often called Gallia. (Kelsey) [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Caesar's_Campaigns_in_Gaul,_1st_century_BC.gif Map]
| |
| | |
| Gallia . . . divisa: Notice the order of the words. ‘Gaul, taken as a whole, is divided’. (Rice Holmes)
| |
| | |
| institutum, -i n.: fixed course or principle; habit, institution, custom (Walker)
| |
| | |
| Gallos . . . dividit: the verb is singular, because the two rivers make one boundary; as we should say, ‘is divided by the line of the Seine and Marne.’ (Allen & Judson; Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| Garumna, -ae m.: the Garumna river, or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MapGaronne.jpg Garonne] (Walker)
| |
| | |
| Matrona, -ae m.: the river Matrona, now the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_(river) Marne] (Walker)
| |
| | |
| Sequana, -ae m.: the river Sequana, now the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seine_drainage_basin.png Seine] (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. ===
| |
| | |
| propterea adv.: because of, on this account; ''propterea quod'': because (Walker)
| |
| | |
| humanitate: ‘refinement’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| cultu atque humanitate: ''cultus'' indicates the outward characteristics of civilization (dress, habits of life, etc.); ''humanitas'', the moral characteristics (refinement of thought and feeling, education, etc.) (Merryweather & Tancock)
| |
| | |
| cultu atque humanitate: ‘civilization and refinement;’ the second more significant word qualifying the less precise one. (Walpole)
| |
| | |
| provinciae: ‘the province of ''Gallia Narbonensis'', organized about B. C. 120. Its chief cities were Massilia (''Marseilles''), an old Greek free city, and the capital, Narbo (''Narbonne''), a Roman colony. The name ''Provincia'' has come down to us in the modern ''Provence''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| minime saepe: ‘very seldom’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| commeant: ‘make their way to’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| commeant: words of motion compounded with cum often contain an idea of ‘hither and thither’ (Walpole)
| |
| | |
| …construe ''saepe'' with ''commeant'', ''minime'' with both ''commeant'' and ''important''; ‘least of all do traders (often resort) make frequent journeys back and forth to them and bring in, etc. (Towle & Jenks)
| |
| | |
| ad effeminandos animos; ‘to weaken the courage’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| Rhenus, -i m.: the river Rhenus, better, the Rhine (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano; continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum; attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum; vergit ad septentriones. ===
| |
| | |
| Qua de causa: ‘For this reason’ (Kelsey); ‘and for this reason’: referring back to ''proximi'', etc., and further explained by ''quod…contendunt''
| |
| | |
| quoque: ‘also,’ always follows the emphatic word, ‘because they (just as the Belgians) dwell near the Germans.’ (Harper & Tolman)
| |
| | |
| Rhodanus, -i m.: the river Rhodanus, better, Rhone (Walker)
| |
| | |
| Ab Sequanis: ‘On the side of the Sequani.’ (Merryweather & Tancock); ‘on the side of’ (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Vergit: Lit. ‘it slopes;’ probably referring to the general inclination of the country in regard to its watershed and the course of its rivers. (Merryweather & Tancock); ‘slopes to the north’; that is, the highlands (Cevennes) are along the southern boundary, and the rivers flow in their main course northerly. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Septentriones: i.e. the constellations of the great and little Bear. The word is used both in the singular (as a compound) and in the plural. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| === Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones. ===
| |
| | |
| in septentriones…solem: i.e. toward the northeast (Walker)
| |
| | |
| inter occasum…septentriones: i.e. toward the northwest (Walker)
| |
| | |
| spectat inter: Translate by one compound English word all that follows spectat in this sentence (Harper & Tolman)
| |
| | |
| == Section 2 ==
| |
| | |
| === Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is, M. Messala et M. Pupio Pisone consulibus, regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit, et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. ===
| |
| | |
| nobilis, -e adj.: well-known, distinguished, noted; of noble birth, noble; as noun, a noble (Walker)
| |
| | |
| …M. Messala, et P. M. Pisone consulibus…: ‘61 B.C.’ (Kelsey); M. Messala, M. Piso: consuls, A. U. 693, B. C. 61, i. e. when Caesar was ''quaestor'' in Spain. (Walpole); Messala, &c.: this was B. C. 61, three years before Caesar’s first campaign in Gaul. The construction of ''consulibus'' is abl. absolute: not so formal as ‘while Messala and Piso were consuls,’ but merely ‘in their consulship.’ This was the usual way of denoting the year. (Allen & Judson, 9)
| |
| | |
| suis cum omnibus copiis: men, women, and children. (Harper & Tolman)
| |
| | |
| cum virtute omnibus praestarent: praestarent: ‘they excelled’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| imperium, -i n.: command, order; authority, sway, supreme power, dominion, sovereignty; supreme military command, highest official power (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === Id hoc facilius iis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. ===
| |
| | |
| hoc facilius: hoc: ‘so much,’ abl. Of measure with comparatives (Walpole); ‘all the easier’ (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| una ex parte: ‘on one side, &c’ The effect on the senses is supposed to come ''from'' the direction referred to. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Lemannus, -i m.: Lake Lemannus, better Lake Leman or the Lake of Geneva
| |
| | |
| === His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent: qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se finis habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant. ===
| |
| | |
| his rebus: lit. ‘from these things it was coming about that they roamed about less widely and could less wasily make war,’ etc. fiebat: the imperfect expresses the continued effect of the causes. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| qua ex parte: ‘and on that account’ (Kelsey); ‘In which respect;’ lit. ‘from which side’ (Merryweather & Tancock); ‘for this reason’ (Towle & Jenks)
| |
| | |
| Pro multitudine…pro gloria belli: Pro: ‘Considering’ (Kelsey); Pro: ‘In proportion to.’ This meaning of ''pro'' comes from its other sense of ‘in the place of;’ so, ‘in return or requital for.’ (Merryweather & Tancock); Pro: ‘in proportion to’ (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Angustos…fines: ‘too small’ (Kelsey); ‘too narrow’ (Walpole); ‘too narrow limits’ (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Qui in longitudinem…patebant: Qui: i.e. ''fines'' (Kelsey); Milia passuum: ‘miles’; Patebant: ‘extended.’
| |
| | |
| == Section 3 ==
| |
| | |
| === His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementis quam maximas facere ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. ===
| |
| | |
| His rebus adducti: ‘Prompted by these considerations’ (Kelsey); ‘induced by these considerations’ (Harper & Tolman)
| |
| | |
| === Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt: in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscepit. ===
| |
| | |
| Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt: Ad…conficiendas: gerundive construction ‘to complete these preparations’ (Kelsey); Biennium satis esse: ‘that two years would be sufficient’ (Kelsey); Duxerunt: here a verb of thought; ‘they reckoned’ (Kelsey); Biennium…duxerunt: ‘they judged that two years were sufficient’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| Ad eas res conficiendas: Ad…conficiendas: ‘to carry out these arrangements’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| Civitates: ‘clans,’ such as the Aedui, Sequani, &c., - about 60 in all, - whose territory had no local name, but was known only by that of the clan, which was sovereign and wholly independent, except for voluntary alliances. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| === In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerat; itemque Dumnorigi Aeduo fratri Diviciaci, qui eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet, eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. ===
| |
| | |
| Itemque: Item: ‘also’ (Kelsey, 10)
| |
| | |
| Principatum…obtinebat: Principatum: ‘the foremost place’ (Kelsey); Distinct from ''regnum'', and implying the influential position in his tribe of a man of high birth, wealth, and military distinction. ‘Who at that time held a leading position in his state.’ (Merryweather & Tancock); ‘highest rank,’ as distinct from political power. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset: non esse dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent; se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmat. Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et ius iurandum dant, et regno occupato per tris potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant. ===
| |
| | |
| Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere…: Factu: ‘of accomplishment,’ lit. ‘in respect to the doing’ (Kelsey); Probat: ‘He showed them’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| Obtenturus esset: Obtenturus esset: ‘he was going to seize’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| Non esse dubium quin: Non esse dubium: ‘that there was no doubt’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| Possent: Quin…possent: ‘that the Helvetians were the most powerful (people) in all Gaul, ‘ lit. ‘were able the most of the whole (of) Gaul’ (Kelsey); Quin…plurimum…possent: ‘that the Helvetii were the most powerful nation of Gaul.’ ‘Possum’ means here absolutely ‘to be powerful:’ not prolatively, ‘to be able to do a thing.’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| ius iurandum, iuris iurandi n.: an oath (Walker)
| |
| | |
| Regno occupato: Regno occupato: ‘having seized the supreme power’ (Kelsey); ‘in case they should get in their hands the royal power’ (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| == Section 4 ==
| |
| | |
| === Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis Orgetoricem ex vinclis causam dicere coegerunt. Damnatum poenam sequi oportebat ut igni cremaretur. ===
| |
| | |
| ea res: ‘this conspiracy.’ The generic word ''res'' is constantly used in Caesar, where in English we should use the specific words, ‘occurrence,’ ‘movement,’ ‘exploit,’ ‘misfortune,’ ‘undertaking,’ ‘intelligence,’ ‘fact,’ ‘heads of a summary,’ ‘mode of life,’ ‘supplies,’ &c., according to the context. (Moberly); ea res…enuntiata: ‘when this design was disclosed.’ No word in Latin admits of such a variety of meanings as ''res''. The student must always determine by the context the most suitable word to employ in translating, (Harper & Tolman)
| |
| | |
| ex vinclis causam dicere: ex vinculis: ‘in chains’ (Kelsey); causam dicere: ‘to plead his case’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| moribus suis: ‘according to their custom’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| damnatum poenam sequi oportebat: damnatum: agrees with ''eum'' understood as object of ''sequi''; ‘if condemned’ (Kelsey); poenam: subject of ''sequi''; ‘the penalty,’ defined by the following ''ut''-clause (Kelsey); poenam sequi oportebat: ‘the penalty would inevitably follow,’ lit. ‘it was necessary that the penalty follow.’ (Kelsey); In this sentence the subject of ''oportebat'' is the clause ''damnatum…sequi''; the subject of ''sequi'' is ''poenam''; and ''ut…cremaretur'' is in apposition with poenam, defining the puishment. Translate, ‘he was doomed, if condemned, to be burned by fire’; lit. ‘it must needs be that the penalty should overtake him condemned of being burned with fire.’ (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam ad hominum milia decem undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit: per eos ne causam diceret se eripuit. ===
| |
| | |
| familiam: ‘slaves’ (Merryweather & Tancock); ‘clansmen’: by Roman use this would mean slaves; but it is more probable that it here means all who bore his name or regarded him as their chief (Allen & Greenough); ‘all his dependants:’ the word, as being connected with ''famulus'', properly means ‘a body of slaves;’ and is opposed to the ''liberi'', who constitute the family, as now understood. (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| ad…decem: ''ad'' with numerals denotes an approach to the number, ‘to the number of;’ hence ‘about.’ It is sometimes used as a preposition in this way, and sometimes as an adverb. (Harper & Tolman)
| |
| | |
| === Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exequi conaretur, multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit. ===
| |
| | |
| Cum…conaretur: Note the tense; it was while these measures were being carried out that Orgetorix committed suicide. (Walpole); ‘while the state was trying’ (Towle & Jenks)
| |
| | |
| magistratus, -us m.: public office, magistracy; public officer, magistrate
| |
| | |
| Neque abest suspicio: Neque abest suspicio: ‘and there is ground for suspecting,’ lit. ‘not is there lacking (ground for) suspecting.’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| == Section 5 ==
| |
| | |
| === Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. ===
| |
| | |
| nihilo minus: nihilo minus: ‘nevertheless’ ; lit. ‘by nothing less.’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| === Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt; frumentum omne, praeterquam quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut domum reditionis spe sublata paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent. ===
| |
| | |
| oppida sua omnia: The ''oppida'' are strongholds, while the ''vici'' are groups of houses. ''Vicus'' is the word for the street of a city, referring to the rows of houses on either side. (Harper & Tolman)
| |
| | |
| praeterquam quod: i.e. ''praeter id (frumentum) quod'' (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| praeterquam adv., besides, except (Walker)
| |
| | |
| domum reditionis: ‘hope of return home.’ Domum is the accusative of limit of motion after the verbal noun ''reditionis''. (Harper & Tolman)
| |
| | |
| === Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis suis uti eodem usi consilio, oppidis suis vicisque exustis, una cum eis proficiscantur, Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnarant, receptos ad se socios sibi asciscunt. ===
| |
| | |
| uti eodem usi consilio oppidis suis vicisque exustis una cum iis proficiscantur: uti…proficiscantur: usi: ‘adopting,’ or ‘to adopt’; ‘having used’ (Kelsey); consilio: ‘plan’ (Kelsey); oppidis suis vicisque exustis: ‘having burned their towns and villages,’ lit. ‘their towns and villages having been burned.’ (Kelsey); una: adv. (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| Noricum: Agrum Noricum: ‘the territory of the Norici,’ corresponding, in general, with the western part of Austria south of the Danube, between Bavaria and Hungary (); …now eastern Bavaria and upper Austria (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt: ‘they received and associated with themselves’ (lit. ‘to themselves’) ‘as allies’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| == Section 6 ==
| |
| | |
| === Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur; mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent: alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter finis Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque non nullis locis vado transitur. ===
| |
| | |
| vix qua: ‘It was with difficult that here…’ (Harper & Tolman)
| |
| | |
| vado transitur: ‘is fordable,’ lit. ‘is crossed by a ford.’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| === Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. ===
| |
| | |
| Genava, -ae f.: Genava, a city of the Allobroges, now Geneva (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos finis eos ire paterentur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis, diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. April., L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus. ===
| |
| | |
| Is dies erat a. d. V Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus: a. d. V. Kal. Apr.: ''ante diem quantum Kalendas Apriles'', ‘the fifth day before the Calends of April,’ March 28 by our calendar. (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| Kalendae, -arum f.: the Calends, the first day of the Roman month (Walker)
| |
| | |
| Piso, -onis m.: Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Caesar’s father-in-law, consul 58 B. C. (Walker)
| |
| | |
| Gabinius, -ni m.: Aulus Gabinius, consul with Lucius Piso, 58 B. C. (Walker)
| |
| | |
| == Section 7 ==
| |
| | |
| === Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci, et quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit, et ad Genavam pervenit. ===
| |
| | |
| Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset…maturat: Note the position of ''Caesari''. The ''cum'' clauses with the subjunctive denote nothing more than a part of a past series of events. Often an English expression can be found much more simple, and conveying the temporal idea much less awkwardly than a heavy sentence introduced by ''when''; e.g. the sentence means, ‘Caesar, on receipt of the news that…hastened.’ (Harper & Tolman)
| |
| | |
| quam maximis potest itineribus: stronger than ''quam maximis itineribus''; ‘with the utmost possible speed.’ (Kelsey); (by the greatest marches that he is able to make), ‘with all possible speed’…. We learn from Plutarch that he travelled 90 miles a day. (Towle & Jenks)
| |
| | |
| ulteriorem: ulteriorem = transalpinam, ‘beyond the Alps’ from Rome. (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem qui erat ad Genavam iubet rescindi. ===
| |
| | |
| === Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum: rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. ===
| |
| | |
| certiores facti sunt: ‘were informed,’ lit. ‘were made more certain.’ ()
| |
| | |
| Princeps, -ipis adj.: taking the first place; chief, most prominent, first; as a noun, chief or principal person, leader, chief. ()
| |
| | |
| qui dicerent: ‘in order to say.’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| === Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat; neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciendi, temperaturos ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat. ===
| |
| | |
| concedendum: concedendum non putabat: ‘did not think that the request ought to be granted’ ; less freely, ‘that the concession ought to be made.’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| data facultate: data facultate: = si facultas data esset, ‘if opportunity should have been granted.’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| === Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum milites quos imperaverat convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur. ===
| |
| | |
| si quid vellent: quid: ‘anything’ (Kelsey); vellent, reverterentur: ‘they want,’ ‘they should return’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| = Text: Book 4 =
| |
| | |
| == Section 24 ==
| |
| | |
| === At barbari, consilio Romanorum cognito praemisso equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti nostros navibus egredi prohibebant. ===
| |
| | |
| quo genere: ‘a type of warrior which’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| quo genere: ‘the kind of soldiers which’ (Towle and Jenks)
| |
| | |
| essedarius, -ri m. A soldier fighting from a war chariot, charioteer. (Walker)
| |
| | |
| subsecuti: seeing the fleet stand out to sea, they guessed Caesar’s purpose and marched at once to oppose his landing. (Towle & Jenks)
| |
| | |
| === Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui non poterant, militibus autem, ignotis locis, impeditis manibus, magno et gravi onere armorum oppressis, simul et de navibus desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum, cum illi aut ex arido aut paulum in aquam progressi, omnibus membris expeditis, notissimis locis, audacter tela coicerent et equos insuefactos incitarent. ===
| |
| | |
| aridus, -a, -um dry; ''neut. as noun'', dry land. (Walker)
| |
| | |
| impeditis manibus: ‘having their hands full’ (Towle & Jenks)
| |
| | |
| autem: ‘while’ (Towle & Jenks)
| |
| | |
| insuefactos: ''trained to it'', i.e. to charge to the water’s edge (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| insuefactus, -a, -um: accustomed, trained. (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === Quibus rebus nostri perterriti atque huius omnino generis pugnae imperiti, non eadem alacritate ac studio quo in pedestribus uti proeliis consuerant utebantur. ===
| |
| | |
| pedestribus: ‘on land’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| utebantur: ‘were displaying’ (Kelsey)
| |
| non…utebantur: ‘did not display’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| alacritas, -tatis f. liveliness, ardor. (Walker)
| |
| | |
| == Section 25 ==
| |
| | |
| === Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, navis longas, quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior et motus ad usum expeditior, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus et remis incitari et ad latus apertum hostium constitui atque inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac submoveri iussit; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. ===
| |
| | |
| quod: ‘Now…this’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| ad usum: ‘i.e. ad navigandum : ‘the movement was more easily controlled’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| motus…expeditior: lit., ‘whose motion was freer for use’ = ‘which were more easily managed.’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| ad latus apertum: ‘over against the exposed flank’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| latus apertum: i.e. the right, unprotected by their shields (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| inde…summoveri: inde: connect with propelli ac submoveri (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| fundis, sagittis, tormentis: it seems a queer combination to join two instruments for throwing (fundis, tormentis) with a class of missiles (sagittis, arrows). Translate the latter, bows. (Towle & Jenks)
| |
| | |
| fundis: ‘slings’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| quae res: ‘and this tactic’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| quae res: ‘a movement which’ (Towle and Jenks)
| |
| | |
| quae res: ‘this maneuver’ (Allen, & Judson)
| |
| | |
| === Nam et navium figura et remorum motu et inusitato genere tormentorum permoti barbari constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem rettulerunt. ===
| |
| | |
| paulum modo: ‘just a little’ (Kelsey)
| |
| | |
| paulum modo: ‘though only for a short distance,’ ‘just for a little’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| permoti: startled (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| === Atque nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter altitudinem maris, qui decimae legionis aquilam ferebat, contestatus deos, ut ea res legioni feliciter eveniret, ' Desilite', inquit, ' milites, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere; ego certe meum rei publicae atque imperatori officium praestitero.' ===
| |
| | |
| ea res: his act (Towle & Jenks)
| |
| | |
| inquam, -is, -it def. verb. tr., used only with direct quotations and following one or more words of the quotation, say. (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === Hoc cum voce magna dixisset, se ex navi proiecit atque in hostes aquilam ferre coepit. Tum nostri cohortati inter se, ne tantum dedecus admitteretur, universi ex navi desiluerunt. ===
| |
| | |
| universi: in a body (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| dedecus, -oris n. dishonor, disgrace (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === Hos item ex proximis primis navibus cum conspexissent, subsecuti hostibus appropinquarunt. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 26 ==
| |
| | |
| === Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri tamen, quod neque ordines servare neque firmiter insistere neque signa subsequi poterant atque alius alia ex navi quibuscumque signis occurrerat se aggregabat, magnopere perturbabantur; hostes vero, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex litore aliquos singularis ex navi egredientis conspexerant, incitatis equis impeditos adoriebantur, plures paucos circumsistebant, alii ab latere aperto in universos tela coiciebant. ===
| |
| | |
| Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter...: 'sharp fighting was kept up by both sides.'
| |
| | |
| ...alius alia ex navi...: 'one from this ship, another from that'; 'men from different ships.'
| |
| | |
| quibuscumque...aggregabat: 'gathered about whatever standards they chanced upon.'
| |
| | |
| ...ordines servare...: 'to keep the ranks.'
| |
| | |
| singularis: 'one by one'; 'scattered soldiers.'
| |
| | |
| vadis: 'the shallow places.'
| |
| | |
| ubi...conspexerant...adoriebantur: a general condition, 'whenever they saw,' etc.; adoriebantur: 'they would attack.'
| |
| | |
| === Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus compleri iussit et, quos laborantes conspexerat, his subsidia submittebat. ===
| |
| | |
| ...quos laborantes conspexerat: another general condition...quos equaling 'whomsoever' or 'if any.'
| |
| | |
| === Nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, suis omnibus consecutis, in hostis impetum fecerunt atque eos in fugam dederunt; neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam Caesari defuit. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 27 ==
| |
| | |
| === Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legatos de pace miserunt; obsides daturos quaeque imperasset sese facturos polliciti sunt. Una cum his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quem supra demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum. ===
| |
| | |
| simul atque: 'as soon as.'
| |
| | |
| === Hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo Caesaris mandata deferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula coiecerant: tum proelio facto remiserunt. In petenda pace eius rei culpam in multitudinem coniecerunt et propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur petiverunt. ===
| |
| | |
| oratoris modo: 'in the character of an envoy.'
| |
| | |
| cum: 'although.'
| |
| | |
| imprudentiam: 'lack of knowledge.'
| |
| | |
| ignosceretur: 'that [this thing] might be pardoned.'
| |
| | |
| === Caesar questus quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent, ignoscere imprudentiae dixit obsidesque imperavit; quorum illi partem statim dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus locis arcessitam paucis diebus sese daturos dixerunt. ===
| |
| | |
| === Interea suos remigrare in agros iusserunt, principesque undique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 28 ==
| |
| | |
| === His rebus pace confirmata, post diem quartum quam est in Britanniam ventum naves XVIII, de quibus supra demonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex superiore portu leni vento solverunt. ===
| |
| | |
| His rebus: the giving of hostages, the demobilization of the British host, and the presence of British leaders in Caesar's camp.
| |
| | |
| leni vento: 'with a light breeze.'
| |
| | |
| === Quae cum appropinquarent Britanniae et ex castris viderentur, tanta tempestas subito coorta est ut nulla earum cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eodem unde erant profectae referrentur, aliae ad inferiorem partem insulae, quae est propius solis occasum, magno sui cum periculo deicerentur; quae tamen, ancoris iactis, cum fluctibus complerentur, necessario adversa nocte in altum provectae, continentem petierunt. ===
| |
| | |
| adversa nocte: 'in face of the night.'
| |
| | |
| == Section 29 ==
| |
| | |
| === Eadem nocte accidit ut esset luna plena, qui dies maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere consuevit, nostrisque id erat incognitum. ===
| |
| | |
| aestus maximos: 'spring tides'; the tides in the English channel are notably high, as much as twenty feet, while the rise off the coast of Italy is only a few inches.
| |
| | |
| === Ita uno tempore et longas navis, quibus Caesar exercitum transportandum curaverat quasque in aridum subduxerat, aestus compleverat et onerarias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestas adflictabat, neque ulla nostris facultas aut administrandi aut auxiliandi dabatur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Compluribus navibus fractis, reliquae cum essent funibus, ancoris, reliquisque armamentis amissis ad navigandum inutiles, magna, id quod necesse erat accidere, totius exercitus perturbatio facta est. ===
| |
| | |
| funibus...amissis: ' on account of the loss of....'
| |
| | |
| magna: with perturbatio.
| |
| | |
| perturbatio: 'commotion.'
| |
| | |
| id quod necesse erat accidere: 'as was bound to happen'; id: the antecedent is the whole idea of magna totius...facta est.
| |
| | |
| === Neque enim naves erant aliae quibus reportari possent, et omnia deerant quae ad reficiendas navis erant usui et, quod omnibus constabat hiemare in Gallia oportere, frumentum his in locis in hiemem provisum non erat. ===
| |
| | |
| usui: trans. as if utilia.
| |
| | |
| omnia...quae...erant usui: 'all the things where were needed.'
| |
| | |
| == Section 30 ==
| |
| | |
| === Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, qui post proelium ad Caesarem convenerant, inter se conlocuti, cum equites et navis et frumentum Romanis deesse intellegerent et paucitatem militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognoscerent, quae hoc erant etiam angustiora quod sine impedimentis Caesar legiones transportaverat, optimum factu esse duxerunt, rebellione facta, frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere et rem in hiemem producere, quod eis superatis aut reditu interclusis neminem postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum confidebant. ===
| |
| | |
| quae...erant: 'which was.'
| |
| | |
| hoc...etiam angustiora: 'even smaller (than usual for two legions) for this reason,' explained by the quod-clause.
| |
| | |
| optimum factu esse: 'that the best thing to do was.'
| |
| | |
| rem: 'the campaign.'
| |
| | |
| eis...interclusis: ablative absolute of condition: 'if these should be overcome.'
| |
| | |
| reditu: 'return.'
| |
| | |
| postea: 'in the future.'
| |
| | |
| === Itaque, rursus coniuratione facta, paulatim ex castris discedere ac suos clam ex agris deducere coeperunt. ===
| |
| | |
| rursus: not 'a second time,' but 'back' from negotiations to hostilities.
| |
| | |
| == Section 31 ==
| |
| | |
| === At Caesar, etsi nondum eorum consilia cognoverat, tamen et ex eventu navium suarum et ex eo quod obsides dare intermiserant fore id quod accidit suspicabatur. Itaque ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. ===
| |
| | |
| ex eo quod: 'from the fact that.'
| |
| | |
| === Nam et frumentum ex agris cotidie in castra conferebat et, quae gravissime adflictae erant naves, earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur et quae ad eas res erant usui ex continenti comportari iubebat. ===
| |
| | |
| ad eas res: 'for that purpose.'
| |
| | |
| === Itaque, cum summo studio a militibus administraretur, XII navibus amissis, reliquis ut navigari satis commode posset effecit. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 32 ==
| |
| | |
| === Dum ea geruntur, legione ex consuetudine una frumentatum missa quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad id tempus belli suspicione interposita, cum pars hominum in agris remaneret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, ei qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant Caesari nuntiaverunt pulverem maiorem quam consuetudo ferret in ea parte videri quam in partem legio iter fecisset. ===
| |
| | |
| === Caesar id quod erat suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris initum consili, cohortis quae in statione erant secum in eam partem proficisci, ex reliquis duas in stationem succedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi iussit. ===
| |
| | |
| aliquid, etc.: 'some new scheme had been worked up.'
| |
| | |
| in statione: 'on guard.'
| |
| | |
| === Cum paulo longius a castris processisset, suos ab hostibus premi atque aegre sustinere et conferta legione ex omnibus partibus tela coici animadvertit. ===
| |
| | |
| === Nam quod omni ex reliquis partibus demesso frumento pars una erat reliqua, suspicati hostes huc nostros esse venturos noctu in silvis delituerant; tum dispersos, depositis armis in metendo occupatos subito adorti, paucis interfectis reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 33 ==
| |
| | |
| === Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per omnes partes perequitant et tela coiciunt atque ipso terrore equorum et strepitu rotarum ordines plerumque perturbant et, cum se inter equitum turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. ===
| |
| | |
| ex essedis: with pugnae.
| |
| | |
| === Aurigae interim paulatim ex proelio excedunt atque ita currus collocant ut, si illi a multitudine hostium premantur, expeditum ad suos receptum habeant. ===
| |
| | |
| === Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in proeliis praestant, ac tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevi moderari ac flectere et per temonem percurrere et in iugo insistere et se inde in currus citissime recipere consuerint. ===
| |
| | |
| stabilitatem: 'steadiness.'
| |
| | |
| citissime: 'with utmost quickness.'
| |
| | |
| expeditum receptum: 'a ready retreat.'
| |
| | |
| == Section 34 ==
| |
| | |
| === Quibus rebus perturbatis nostris novitate pugnae tempore oportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit: namque eius adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri se ex timore receperunt. ===
| |
| | |
| === Quo facto, ad lacessendum hostem et committendum proelium alienum esse tempus arbitratus suo se loco continuit et, brevi tempore intermisso, in castra legiones reduxit. Dum haec geruntur, nostris omnibus occupatis, qui erant in agris reliqui discesserunt. ===
| |
| | |
| nostris, etc.: while the Romans were busy repairing ships and strengthening their defenses, the Britons 'withdrew' from the open country, gathering for attack.
| |
| | |
| === Secutae sunt continuos compluris dies tempestates quae et nostros in castris continerent et hostem a pugna prohiberent. Interim barbari nuntios in omnes partes dimiserunt paucitatemque nostrorum militum suis praedicaverunt et quanta praedae faciendae atque in perpetuum sui liberandi facultas daretur, si Romanos castris expulissent, demonstraverunt. ===
| |
| | |
| praedae faciendae: 'of securing booty.'
| |
| | |
| in perpetuum: 'forever.'
| |
| | |
| === His rebus celeriter magna multitudine peditatus equitatusque coacta ad castra venerunt. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 35 ==
| |
| | |
| === Caesar etsi idem quod superioribus diebus acciderat fore videbat, ut, si essent hostes pulsi, celeritate periculum effugerent, tamen nactus equites circiter XXX, quos Commius Atrebas, de quo ante dictum est, secum transportaverat, legiones in acie pro castris constituit. ===
| |
| | |
| idem: subject of fore, explained by the appositive clause ut...effugerent.
| |
| | |
| === Commisso proelio, diutius nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt ac terga verterunt. ===
| |
| | |
| === Quos tanto spatio secuti quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt, compluris ex eis occiderunt, deinde omnibus longe lateque aedificiis incensis se in castra receperunt. ===
| |
| | |
| tanto spatio, etc.: 'so far as their speed and strength allowed.'
| |
| | |
| cursu et viribus: 'hard running.'
| |
| | |
| efficere: 'cover.'
| |
| | |
| == Section 36 ==
| |
| | |
| === Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de pace venerunt. ===
| |
| | |
| = Text: Book 5 =
| |
| | |
| == Section 24 ==
| |
| | |
| === Subductis navibus, concilioque Gallorum Samarobrivae peracto, quod eo anno frumentum in Gallia propter siccitates angustius provenerat, coactus est aliter ac superioribus annis exercitum in hibernis collocare, legionesque in pluris civitates distribuere. ===
| |
| | |
| subductis navibus: ‘The ships being drawn on shore.’ (Anthon)
| |
| | |
| aliter ac: i.e. not where supplies were most abundant, but where there was chief danger of disturbance. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| aliter ac: i.e. distributing them where supplies were most abundant, not where there was most danger of disturbance, as in previous years. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Ex quibus unam in Morinos ducendam C. Fabio legato dedit, alteram in Nervios Q. Ciceroni, tertiam in Esubios L. Roscio; quartam in Remis cum T. Labieno in confinio Treverorum hiemare iussit. ===
| |
| | |
| === Tris in Belgis collocavit: eis M. Crassum quaestorem et L. Munatium Plancum et C. Trebonium legatos praefecit. ===
| |
| | |
| === Unam legionem, quam proxime trans Padum conscripserat, et cohortis V in Eburones, quorum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhenum, qui sub imperio Ambiorigis et Catuvolci erant, misit. ===
| |
| | |
| proxime: ''latest''. This was the 15th legion. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| proxime: ''latest''. This was the 14th legion, enrolled in B.C. 57. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| trans Padum: i.e. from Rome to the north. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Padus, -i m.: the Po river. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| Mosa, -ae f.: the Meuse river. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| Rhenum, -i m.: the Rhine. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === Eis militibus Q. Titurium Sabinum et L. Aurunculeium Cottam legatos praeesse iussit. Ad hunc modum distributis legionibus facillime inopiae frumentariae sese mederi posse existimavit. ===
| |
| | |
| === Atque harum tamen omnium legionum hiberna, praeter eam quam L. Roscio in pacatissimam et quietissimam partem ducendam dederat, milibus passuum centum continebantur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Ipse interea, quoad legiones collocatas munitaque hiberna cognovisset, in Gallia morari constituit. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 25 ==
| |
| | |
| === Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, cuius maiores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant. Huic Caesar pro eius virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus bellis singulari eius opera fuerat usus, maiorum locum restituerat. ===
| |
| | |
| fuerat usus: for ''erat usus'', emphasizing the fact that this action preceded that of ''restituerat''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === Tertium iam hunc annum regnantem inimici iam multis palam ex civitate eis auctoribus, eum interfecerunt. Defertur ea res ad Caesarem. ===
| |
| | |
| === Ille veritus, quod ad plures pertinebat, ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret, L. Plancum cum legione ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare, quorumque opera cognoverat Tasgetium interfectum, hos comprehensos ad se mittere. ===
| |
| | |
| impulsus, -us m.: instigation. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum: revolt from, forsake, desert. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| quorum: the antecedent is ''hos''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Interim ab omnibus legatis quaestoribusque, quibus legiones tradiderat certior factus est in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis esse munitum. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 26 ==
| |
| | |
| === Diebus circiter quindecim quibus in hiberna ventum est initium repentini tumultus ac defectionis ortum est ab Ambiorige et Catuvolco; qui, cum ad finis regni sui Sabino Cottaeque praesto fuissent frumentumque in hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari Treveri nuntiis impulsi suos concitaverunt subitoque oppressis lignatoribus magna manu ad castra oppugnatum venerunt. ===
| |
| | |
| praesti: ''in attendance upon'', as obedient subjects. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| fines: here…evidently means ‘frontier’. (Holmes) N.B. OCT gives ''finis''.
| |
| | |
| ad castra oppugnatum venerunt: ‘came to the camp to attack it’. (Stock)
| |
| | |
| subitoque: etc., ''and after suddenly surprising the wood-cutters''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Cum celeriter nostri arma cepissent vallumque ascendissent atque una ex parte Hispanis equitibus emissis equestri proelio superiores fuissent, desperata re hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt. ===
| |
| | |
| vallum, -i n.: earthworks, rampart. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === Tum suo more conclamaverunt, uti aliqui ex nostris ad colloquium prodiret: habere sese, quae de re communi dicere vellent, quibus rebus controversias minui posse sperarent. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 27 ==
| |
| | |
| === Mittitur ad eos colloquendi causa Caius Arpineius, eques Romanus, familiaris Q. Tituri, et Q. Iunius ex Hispania quidam, qui iam ante missu Caesaris ad Ambiorigem ventitare consuerat; apud quos Ambiorix ad hunc modum locutus est: ===
| |
| | |
| === Sese pro Caesaris in se beneficiis plurimum ei confiteri debere, quod eius opera stipendio liberatus esset quod Aduatucis finitimis suis pendere consuesset, quodque ei et filius et fratris filius ab Caesare remissi essent, quos Aduatuci obsidum numero missos apud in servitute et catenis tenuissent; ===
| |
| | |
| stipendium, -i n.: tribute. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === neque id quod fecerit de oppugnatione castrorum aut iudicio aut voluntate sua fecisse sed coactu civitatis, suaque esse eiusmodi imperia ut non minus haberet iuris in se multitudo quam ipse in multitudinem. ===
| |
| | |
| oppugnatio, -ionis f.: storming, assault, attack. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === Civitati porro hanc fuisse belli causam, quod repentinae Gallorum coniurationi resistere non potuerit. Id se facile ex humilitate sua probare posse, quod non adeo sit imperitus rerum ut suis copiis populum Romanum superari posse confidat. ===
| |
| | |
| humilitate: weakness. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| Ex humilitate sua: ‘From his own weakness.' (Anthon)
| |
| | |
| === Sed esse Galliae commune consilium: omnibus hibernis Caesaris oppugnandis hunc esse dictum diem, ne qua legio alterae legioni subsidio venire posset. ===
| |
| | |
| === Non facile Gallos Gallis negare potuisse, praesertim cum de recuperanda communi libertate consilium initum videretur. ===
| |
| | |
| Non…potuisse: ''that the Gauls could not easily say ‘no’ to Gauls''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| Non facile Gallos: &c. ‘That it was no easy matter for Gauls to give a refusal to Gauls.’ (Anthon)
| |
| | |
| === Quibus quoniam pro pietate satisfecerit, habere nunc se rationem offici pro beneficiis Caesaris: monere, orare Titurium pro hospitio ut suae ac militum saluti consulat. ===
| |
| | |
| === Magnam manum Germanorum conductam Rhenum transisse; hanc adfore biduo. Ipsorum esse consilium, velintne priusquam finitimi sentiant eductos ex hibernis milites aut ad Ciceronem aut ad Labienum deducere, quorum alter milia passuum circiter quinquaginta, alter paulo amplius ab eis absit. ===
| |
| | |
| ipsorum,: etc.: i.e. it was for themselves to consider. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| quinquaginta: fifty. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| paulo: adv. abl.: a little (= by a little). (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === Illud se polliceri et iure iurando confirmare, tutum iter per fines daturum. Quod cum faciat, et civitati sese consulere, quod hibernis levetur, et Caesari pro eius meritis gratiam referre. Hac oratione habita discedit Ambiorix. ===
| |
| | |
| quod cum faciat: ''in so doing''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| quod levetur: ''because it would be relieved''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| quod cum faciat: &c. ‘That in doing this, he was both consulting for the good of his own state, in its being freed from the burden of winter quarters, and was making a proper return to Caesar for his acts of kindness towards him.’ (Anthon)
| |
| | |
| == Section 28 ==
| |
| | |
| === Arpineius et Iunius quae audierunt ad legatos deferunt. Illi repentina re perturbati, etsi ab hoste ea dicebantur, tamen non neglegenda existimabant maximeque hac re permovebantur, quod civitatem ignobilem atque humilem Eburonum sua sponte populo Romano bellum facere ausam vix erat credendum. ===
| |
| | |
| === Itaque ad consilium rem deferunt magnaque inter eos exsistit controversia. L. Aurunculeius compluresque tribuni militum et primorum ordinum centuriones nihil temere agendum neque ex hibernis iniussu Caesaris discedendum existimabant; ===
| |
| | |
| === quantasvis magnas etiam copias Germanorum sustineri posse munitis hibernis docebant: rem esse testimonio, quod primum hostium impetum multis ultro vulneribus inlatis fortissime sustinuerint; ===
| |
| | |
| ultro: they had borne the attack, and wounded many of the enemy ''besides''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| testimonium, -i n.: proof; dat. esse: to serve as proof. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| impetus, -us m.: charge, attack, onslaught. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === re frumentaria non premi; interea et ex proximis hibernis et a Caesare conventura subsidia; postremo quid esse levius aut turpius quam auctore hoste de summis rebus capere consilium? ===
| |
| | |
| Auctore hoste: ''on the advice of the enemy''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| levius aut turpius: ‘Weaker or more cowardly.’ (Anthon)
| |
| | |
| auctore hoste: &c. ‘To deliberate concerning matters of the utmost importance when an enemy was the author of the step.’ (Anthon)
| |
| | |
| == Section 29 ==
| |
| | |
| === Contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, cum maiores manus hostium adiunctis Germanis convenissent aut cum aliquid calamitatis in proximis hibernis esset acceptum. ===
| |
| | |
| Proximis: ''close at hand''. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Proximis: ''nearest''. This camp was farthest off from the main body, and hence if the nearest camps should be taken, the forces could not easily withdraw in safety. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| Calamitas, -atis f.: disaster. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === Brevem consulendi esse occasionem. Caesarem arbitrari profectum in Italiam; neque aliter Carnutes interficiendi Tasgeti consilium fuisse capturos, neque Eburones, si ille adesset, tanta contemptione nostri ad castra venturos esse. ===
| |
| | |
| Fuisse capturos: the direct discourse would have ''cepissent'', and for ‘venturos esse,’ ''venirent''. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Fuisse capturos: direct, ''cepissent''; apodosis of a condition contrary to fact (unreal), the protasis of which is contained in the adverb ''aliter''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| Nostri: obj. gen. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| Neque Eburones venturos esse: ‘not would the Eburones have come.’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| === Non hostem auctorem, sed rem spectare: subesse Rhenum; magno esse Germanis dolori Ariovisti mortem et superiores nostras victorias; ardere Galliam tot contumeliis acceptis sub populi Romani imperium redactam, superiore gloria rei militaris exstincta. ===
| |
| | |
| Auctorem: as the informant. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Hostem auctorem: information derived from the enemy… (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| Sese…spectare: ‘It was not to the enemy that he looked for guidance, but to facts.’ (Holmes)
| |
| | |
| Ariovisti mortem: he had, however, escaped after the battle. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| Ardere: ''is in a blaze''. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Ardere: ''was ablaze''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| Tot contumeliis acceptis redactam: because it had been reduced after such a series of disasters, and after losing all there former military reputation. (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| === Postremo quis hoc sibi persuaderet, sine certa re Ambiorigem ad eiusmodi consilium descendisse? Suam sententiam in utramque partem esse tutam: si nihil esset durius, nullo cum periculo ad proximam legionem perventuros: si Gallia omnis cum Germanis consentiret, unam esse in celeritate positam salutem. ===
| |
| | |
| Tutus, -a, -um: safe. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| Si nil sit durius: ‘If no greater difficulty came in their way,’ i.e. if no attack were made by the Gauls. (Anthon)
| |
| | |
| === Cottae quidem atque eorum qui dissentirent, consilium quem habere exitum, in quo si non praesens periculum non, at certe longinqua obsidione fames esset timenda? ===
| |
| | |
| Longinquus, -a, -um: distant, remote; lasting, long, protracted. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| == Section 30 ==
| |
| | |
| === Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita, cum a Cotta primisque ordinibus acriter resisteretur, 'Vincite,' inquit, 'si ita vultis,' Sabinus, et id clariore voce, ut magna pars militum exaudiret; ===
| |
| | |
| === 'neque is sum,' inquit, 'qui gravissime ex vobis mortis periculo terrear: hi sapient; si gravius quid acciderit, abs te rationem reposcent qui, si per te liceat, perendino die cum proximis hibernis coniuncti communem cum reliquis belli casum sustineant, non reiecti et relegati longe ab ceteris aut ferro aut fame intereant.' ===
| |
| | |
| ex vobis: instead of part. Gen. after ''gravissime''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| hi: i.e. the ''magna pars militum'' who were listening. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| perendino die: i.e. ''tertio die, the day after to-morrow''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| hi sapient: ‘the men will understand the matter.’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| sustineant: &c., ‘would certainly bear only their share along with their comrades of the impending danger, and certainly would not die like outcast and banished men, far away from their friends.’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| == Section 31 ==
| |
| | |
| === Consurgitur ex consilio; comprehendunt utrumque et orant ne sua dissensione et pertinacia rem in summum periculum deducant: facilem esse rem, seu maneant, seu proficiscantur, si modo unum omnes sentiant ac probent; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere. ===
| |
| | |
| === Res disputatione ad mediam noctem perducitur. Tandem dat Cotta permotus manus: superat sententia Sabini. Pronuntiatur prima luce ituros. Consumitur vigiliis reliqua pars noctis, cum sua quisque miles circumspiceret, quid secum portare posset, quid ex instrumento hibernorum relinquere cogeretur. ===
| |
| | |
| dat manus: (a formal sign of surrender), ''gives in''. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| dat manus: ''yields''; originally ''manus dare'' meant ''offer one’s hands to be bound''. Probably Cotta had been directed by Caesar, in the event of a difference, to yield to Sabinus. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === Omnia excogitantur, quare nec sine periculo maneatur et languore militum et vigiliis periculum augeatur. ===
| |
| | |
| quare…augeatur: why they could not remain without peril, and the peril would be increased, etc. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === Prima luce sic ex castris proficiscuntur ut quibus esset persuasum non ab hoste sed ab homine amicissimo Ambiorige consilium datum, longissimo agmine maximisque impedimentis. ===
| |
| | |
| ut quibus: etc., ''as if they were convinced that''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| sic ut quibus esset persuasum: ''as men who had been convinced''. The subj. is characteristic. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| non ab hoste Ambiorige consilium datum: that Ambiorix who had given the advice was not an enemy, but their very near and dear friend. (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| == Section 32 ==
| |
| | |
| === At hostes, postea quam ex nocturno fremitu vigiliisque de profectione eorum senserunt, collocatis insidiis bipertito in silvis opportuno atque occulto loco a milibus passuum circiter duobus Romanorum adventum exspectabant et, ===
| |
| | |
| bipertito: ‘at two points'. (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| === cum se maior pars agminis in magnam convallem demisisset, ex utraque parte eius vallis subito se ostenderunt, novissimosque premere et primos prohibere ascensu atque iniquissimo nostris loco proelium committere coeperunt. ===
| |
| | |
| nostris: dat. with ''inquissimo''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| == Section 33 ==
| |
| | |
| === Tum demum Titurius, qui nihil ante providisset, trepidare et concursare cohortesque disponere, haec tamen ipsa timide atque ut eum omnia deficere viderentur; quod plerumque eis accidere consuevit qui in ipso negotio consilium capere coguntur. ===
| |
| | |
| ut…viderentur: freely, ''so that it was plain he had lost all presence of mind''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| in ipso negotio: ''in the midst of action''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === At Cotta, qui cogitasset haec posse in itinere accidere atque ob eam causam profectionis auctor non fuisset, nulla in re communi saluti deerat et in appellandis cohortandisque militibus imperatoris et in pugna militis officia praestabat. ===
| |
| | |
| imperatoris: depends upon ''officia''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === Cum propter longitudinem agminis minus facile omnia per se obire et quid quoque loco faciendum esset providere possent, iusserunt pronuntiare ut impedimenta relinquerent atque in orbem consisterent. ===
| |
| | |
| possent: the subj. is Cotta and Titurius. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| per se omnia obire: ''attend personally to everything''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === Quod consilium etsi in eiusmodi casu reprehendendum non est, tamen incommode accidit: nam et nostris militibus spem minuit et hostis ad pugnam alacriores effecit, quod non sine summo timore et desperatione id factum videbatur. ===
| |
| | |
| accidit…ut: etc., this clause is divided into three parts with the verbs ''discederent'', ''properaret'', ''complerentur'', the first two being connected by ''–que (quaeque)''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Praeterea accidit, quod fieri necesse erat, ut vulgo milites ab signis discederent, quae quisque eorum carissima haberet ab impedimentis petere atque arripere properaret, clamore et fletu omnia complerentur. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 34 ==
| |
| | |
| === At barbaris consilium non defuit. Nam duces eorum tota acie pronuntiare iusserunt, ne quis ab loco discederet, illorum esse praedam atque illis reservari quaecumque Romani reliquissent: proinde omnia in victoria posita existimarent. ===
| |
| | |
| === Erant et virtute et numero pugnandi pares. Nostri, tametsi ab duce et a fortuna deserebantur, tamen omnem spem salutis in virtute ponebant, et quotiens quaeque cohors procurrerat, ab ea parte magnus numerus hostium cadebat. ===
| |
| | |
| quotiens procurrerat…cadebat: a general condition referring to past time. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Qua re animadversa, Ambiorix pronuntiari iubet ut procul tela coniciant neu propius accedant et quam in partem Romani impetum fecerint cedant: levitate armorum et cotidiana exercitatione nihil eis noceri posse: rursus se ad signa recipientes insequantur. ===
| |
| | |
| levitate…posse: a declarative sentence in indirect discourse, inserted parenthetically. The dative ''his'' refers to the Eburones (''vobis'' in the mouth of Ambiorix). (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| levitate armorum: &c., that from the lightness of their arms, &c., it must result that no harm would be done them. (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| ad signa recipients: the standards were fixed in the ground, thus indicating the alignment of the circle. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| rursus…insequantur: ''and that they should follow them when they again fell back (se recipientis) to their standards''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| == Section 35 ==
| |
| | |
| === Quo praecepto ab eis diligentissime observato, cum quaepiam cohors ex orbe excesserat atque impetum fecerat, hostes velocissime refugiebant. Interim eam partem nudari necesse erat et ab latere aperto tela recipi. ===
| |
| | |
| === Rursus cum in eum locum unde erant egressi reverti coeperant, et ab eis qui cesserant et ab eis qui proximi steterant circumveniebantur. Sin autem locum tenere vellent, nec virtuti locus relinquebatur neque ab tanta multitudine coniecta tela conferti vitare poterant. ===
| |
| | |
| vellent: not contrary to fact, but a future condition thrown into the past. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| sin…vellent: contrasted with ''cum reverti coeperant''. The subjunctive is occasionally used to denote repeated action in a subordinate clause, instead of the more usual imperfect or pluperfect indicative. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| sin, conj.: but if. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === Tamen tot incommodis conflictati, multis vulneribus acceptis resistebant et magna parte diei consumpta, cum a prima luce ad horam octavam pugnaretur, nihil quod ipsis esset indignum committebant. ===
| |
| | |
| === Tum T. Balventio, qui superiore anno primum pilum duxerat, viro forti et magnae auctoritatis, utrumque femur tragula traicitur; Q. Lucanius eiusdem ordinis, fortissime pugnans, dum circumvento filio subvenit, interficitur; L. Cotta legatus omnis cohortis ordinesque adhortans in adversum os funda vulneratur. ===
| |
| | |
| primum pilum: from ''pilus''. Apparently Balventius was no longer ''primipilus'', and presumably he was serving as ''evocatus''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| primum pilum duxerat: ‘Had been chief centurion’. (Anthon)
| |
| | |
| In adversum os: ''right in the face''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| == Section 36 ==
| |
| | |
| === His rebus permotus Q. Titurius, cum procul Ambiorigem suos cohortantem conspexisset, interpretem suum Cn. Pompeium ad eum mittit rogatum ut sibi militibusque parcat. ===
| |
| | |
| === Ille appellatus respondit: si velit secum colloqui, licere; sperare a multitudine impetrari posse, quod ad militum salutem pertineat; ipsi vero nihil nocitum iri, inque eam rem se suam fidem interponere. ===
| |
| | |
| quod…pertineat: subject of ''posse''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| ipsi vero: etc., that to him, certainly no harm will be done; ''nihil'' is acc. of specif. and ''nocitum iri'' impers. Instead of the latter we should expect ''fore ut noceatur''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| ipsi…iri: ''but no harm would be done to him'', i.e. to Sabinus. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| suam fidem interponere: ''pledged his word''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === Ille cum Cotta saucio communicat, si videatur, pugna ut excedant et cum Ambiorige una colloquantur: sperare ab eo de sua ac militum salute impetrari posse. ===
| |
| | |
| === Cotta se ad armatum hostem iturum negat atque in eo perseverat. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 37 ==
| |
| | |
| === Sabinus quos in praesentia tribunos militum circum se habebat et primorum ordinum centuriones se sequi iubet et, cum propius Ambiorigem accessisset, iussus arma abicere imperatum facit suisque ut idem faciant imperat. ===
| |
| | |
| === Interim, dum de condicionibus inter se agunt longiorque consulto ab Ambiorige instituitur sermo, paulatim circumventus interficitur. ===
| |
| | |
| condicionibus: i.e. of surrender. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| longiorque consulto: &c. ‘And a discourse longer than ordinary is designedly begun by Ambiorix’ i.e., and the conference is designedly protracted by Ambiorix. (Anthon)
| |
| | |
| === Tum vero suo more victoriam conclamant atque ululatum tollunt impetuque in nostros facto ordines perturbant. ===
| |
| | |
| ululatum: such a yell of triumph is described by Ammianus (XVI.12,43): ‘It began with a low humming, growing gradually louder and louder, until it was like the thunder of he waves, when they crash on a rocky shore.’ (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| === Ibi L. Cotta pugnans interficitur cum maxima parte militum. Reliqui se in castra recipiunt unde erant egressi. ===
| |
| | |
| === Ex quibus L. Petrosidius aquilifer, cum magna multitudine hostium premeretur, aquilam intra vallum proiecit; ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Illi aegre ad noctem oppugnationem sustinent; noctu ad unum omnes desperata salute se ipsi interficiunt. ===
| |
| | |
| === Pauci ex proelio elapsi incertis itineribus per silvas ad T. Labienum legatum in hiberna perveniunt atque eum de rebus gestis certiorem faciunt. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 38 ==
| |
| | |
| === Hac victoria sublatus Ambiorix statim cum equitatu in Aduatucos, qui erant eius regno finitimi, proficiscitur; neque noctem neque diem intermittit peditatumque subsequi iubet. ===
| |
| | |
| neque noctem neque diem intermittit: Ambiorix marched only one night and one day. More than that would have been expressed by ‘nocturnis diurnisque itineribus.’ (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| === Re demonstrata Aduatucisque concitatis, postero die in Nervios pervenit hortaturque ne sui in perpetuum liberandi atque ulciscendi Romanos pro eis quas acceperint iniuriis occasionem dimittant; ===
| |
| | |
| sui liberandi, ulciscendi: dependent upon ''occasionem''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === interfectos esse legatos duo magnamque partem exercitus interisse demonstrat; nihil esse negoti subito oppressam legionem quae cum Cicerone hiemet interfici; se ad eam rem profitetur adiutorem. ===
| |
| | |
| oppressam…interfici: render by two verbs, ''to be surprised and slain''. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| nihil esse negoti: ‘That it was an easy matter’. (Anthon)
| |
| | |
| nihil esse negoti: ''that it was a matter of no difficulty''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| esse: the subject is ''legionem…interfici''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === Facile hac oratione Nerviis persuadet. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 39 ==
| |
| | |
| === Itaque confestim dimissis nuntiis ad Ceutrones, Grudios, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidumnos, qui omnes sub eorum imperio sunt, quam maximas manus possunt cogunt et de improviso ad Ciceronis hiberna advolant nondum ad eum fama de Tituri morte perlata. ===
| |
| | |
| === Huic quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse, ut non nulli milites, qui lignationis munitionisque causa in silvas discessissent, repentino equitum adventu interciperentur. ===
| |
| | |
| huic quoque: i.e. to Cicero, as well as to Sabinus and Cotta. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| munitionis: ''material for building defenses''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| lignationis munitionisque: ''lignationis'' is explained by ''munitionisque''. The wood was required, at all events in part, for the purpose of fortification. (Holmes)
| |
| | |
| === Eis circumventis magna manu Eburones, Nervii, Aduatuci atque horum omnium socii et clientes legionem oppugnare incipiunt. ===
| |
| | |
| === Nostri celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vallum conscendunt. Aegre is dies sustentatur, quod omnem spem hostes in celeritate ponebant atque hanc adepti victoriam in perpetuum se fore victores confidebant. ===
| |
| | |
| sustenatur: ‘They hold out.’ Supply ''a nostris''. (Anthon)
| |
| | |
| adepti: conditional, ''if they should gain''. The accusative case agreeing with se might have been expected instead of the nominative. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| == Section 40 ==
| |
| | |
| === Mittuntur ad Caesarem confestim ab Cicerone litterae magnis propositis praemiis, si pertulissent: obsessis omnibus viis missi intercipiuntur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Noctu ex materia quam munitionis causa comportaverant, turres admodum centum XX excitantur incredibili celeritate; quae deesse operi videbantur perficiuntur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Hostes postero die multo maioribus coactis copiis castra oppugnant, fossam complent. Eadem ratione, qua pridie, ab nostris resistitur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Hoc idem reliquis deinceps fit diebus. Nulla pars nocturni temporis ad laborem intermittitur; non aegris, non vulneratis facultas quietis datur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Quaecumque ad proximi diei oppugnationem opus sunt noctu comparantur; multae praeustae sudes, magnus muralium pilorum numerus instituitur; turres contabulantur, pinnae loricaeque ex cratibus attexuntur. ===
| |
| | |
| praeustae sudes: It appears…that these improvised weapons were intended to be thrown. We often hear of them in ancient warfare. (Stock)
| |
| | |
| perustae sudes: heavy stakes or piles of wood, sharpened at the end, and charred to harden the point. They were hurled by the ''tormenta''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| muralium pilorum: long pikes, to defend the wall. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| contabulantur: ''floored with plank''. Possibly also the towers were connected by galleries, one for each story. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| pinnae loricaeque: ‘battlements and breatworks’. (Stock)
| |
| | |
| === Ipse Cicero, cum tenuissima valetudine esset, ne nocturnum quidem sibi tempus ad quietem relinquebat, ut ultro militum concursu ac vocibus sibi parcere cogeretur. ===
| |
| | |
| concursu ac vocibus = ''by the spontaneous movement and entreaties''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| sibi: dat., depending on ''parcere''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| ultro militum concursu…cogeretur: ‘he was compelled by the spontaneous pressure and expostulation of the soldiers.’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| == Section 41 ==
| |
| | |
| === Tunc duces principesque Nerviorum qui aliquem sermonis aditum causamque amicitiae cum Cicerone habebant colloqui sese velle dicunt. ===
| |
| | |
| causam amicitiae: ''grounds of friendship''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| sermonis aditum: The meaning is, ‘any means of addressing themselves to Cicero.’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| === Facta potestate eadem quae Ambiorix cum Titurio egerat commemorant: omnem esse in armis Galliam; Germanos Rhenum transisse; Caesaris reliquorumque hiberna oppugnari. ===
| |
| | |
| === Addunt etiam de Sabini morte; Ambiorigem ostentant fidei faciendae causa. ===
| |
| | |
| === Errare eos dicunt, si quicquam ab eis praesidi sperent, qui suis rebus diffidant; sese tamen hoc esse in Ciceronem populumque Romanum animo ut nihil nisi hiberna recusent atque hanc inveterascere consuetudinem nolint: ===
| |
| | |
| Suis rebus: ''their own safety''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| Nihil…recusent: i.e. they will be friends, but not subjects; they only refuse to admit a standing military force. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Ut nihil nisi…recusent: ‘that what they absolutely refused was the use of their country for winter-quarters.’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| === licere illis incolumibus per se ex hibernis discedere et quascumque in partes velint sine metu proficisci. ===
| |
| | |
| Incolumibus: in agreement with ''illis''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === Cicero ad haec unum modo respondit: non esse consuetudinem populi Romani accipere ab hoste armato condicionem: si ab armis discedere velint, se adiutore utantur legatosque ad Caesarem mittant; sperare pro eius iustitia, quae petierint, impetraturos. ===
| |
| | |
| Se adiutore utantur: ''they may use him as an advocate''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| Se: subject of ''sperare''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| == Section 42 ==
| |
| | |
| === Ab hac spe repulsi Nervii vallo pedum IX et fossa pedum XV hiberna cingunt. ===
| |
| | |
| === Haec et superiorum annorum consuetudine ab nobis cognoverant et quos clam de exercitu habebant captivos ab eis docebantur; ===
| |
| | |
| === sed nulla ferramentorum copia quae esset ad hunc usum idonea, gladiis caespites circumcidere, manibus sagulisque terram exhaurire videbantur. ===
| |
| | |
| manibus sagulisque…exhaurire: ''to take up with the hands and'' [carry] ''in the cloaks''. A case of ''zeugma''…. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| manibus sagulisque…exhaurire: ''to dig out with their hands and'' [carry] ''in their cloaks''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Qua quidem ex re hominum multitudo cognosci potuit: nam minus horis tribus milium pedum XV in circuitu III munitionem perfecerunt; reliquisque diebus turris ad altitudinem valli, falces testudinesque, quas idem captivi docuerant, parare ac facere coeperunt. ===
| |
| | |
| ad: ''ad'' here…means ‘in proportion to,’ not ‘up to,’ for the towers would have been useless unless they had been higher than the rampart. (Holmes)
| |
| | |
| == Section 43 ==
| |
| | |
| === Septimo oppugnationis die maximo coorto vento ferventis fusili ex argilla glandis fundis et fervefacta iacula in casas, quae more Gallico stramentis erant tectae, iacere coeperunt. ===
| |
| | |
| === Hae celeriter ignem comprehenderunt et venti magnitudine in omnem locum castrorum distulerunt. ===
| |
| | |
| === Hostes maximo clamore, sicuti parta iam atque explorata victoria, turris testudinesque agere et scalis vallum ascendere coeperunt. ===
| |
| | |
| parta atque explorata: ''gained and decided''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === At tanta militum virtus atque ea praesentia animi fuit ut, cum undique flamma torrerentur maximaque telorum multitudine premerentur suaque omnia impedimenta atque omnes fortunas conflagrare intellegerent, non modo demigrandi causa de vallo decederet nemo sed paene ne respiceret quidem quisquam, ac tum omnes acerrime fortissimeque pugnarent. ===
| |
| | |
| === Hic dies nostris longe gravissimus fuit, sed tamen hunc habuit eventum ut eo die maximus numerus hostium vulneraretur atque interficeretur, ut se sub ipso vallo constipaverant recessumque primis ultimi non dabant. ===
| |
| | |
| === Paulum quidem intermissa flamma et quodam loco turri adacta et contingente vallum, tertiae cohortis centuriones ex eo quo stabant loco recesserunt suosque omnes removerunt; nutu vocibusque hostis, si introire vellent, vocare coeperunt: quorum progredi ausus est nemo. ===
| |
| | |
| nutus, -us m.: nod, beck; gestures, gesticulations. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === Tum ex omni parte lapidibus coniectis deturbati, turrisque succensa est. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 44 ==
| |
| | |
| === Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri, centuriones, qui primis ordinibus appropinquarent, T. Pullo et L. Vorenus. ===
| |
| | |
| === Hi perpetuas inter se controversias habebant, quinam anteferretur, omnibusque annis de locis summis simultatibus contendebant. ===
| |
| | |
| === Ex his Pullo, cum acerrime ad munitiones pugnaretur, 'Quid dubitas,' inquit, 'Vorene? aut quem locum tuae probandae virtutis spectas? hic dies de nostris controversiis iudicabit.' ===
| |
| | |
| === Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra munitiones, quaque pars hostium confertissima est visa irrumpit. ===
| |
| | |
| === Ne Vorenus quidem tum sese vallo continet sed omnium veritus existimationem subsequitur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Tum mediocri spatio relicto Pullo pilum in hostis immittit, atque unum ex multitudine procurrentem traicit; quo percusso et exanimato, hunc scutis protegunt, in hostem tela universi coniciunt neque dant regrediendi facultatem. ===
| |
| | |
| === Transfigitur scutum Pulloni et verutum in balteo defigitur. Avertit hic casus vaginam et gladium educere conanti dextram moratur manum, impeditumque hostes circumsistunt. ===
| |
| | |
| hic casus: etc., i.e. the javelin, piercing his sword belt, twisted the scabbard of his sword out of reach. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Succurrit inimicus illi Vorenus et laboranti subvenit. Ad hunc se confestim a Pullone omnis multitudo convertit; illum veruto arbitrantur occisum. ===
| |
| | |
| === Gladio comminus rem gerit Vorenus, atque uno interfecto reliquos paulum propellit: dum cupidius instat, in locum deiectus inferiorem concidit. ===
| |
| | |
| comminus, adv.: at close quarters, in hand to hand conflict. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| locum: ''opportunity''. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| in locum deiectus: etc., ''slipping into a hollow, he fell''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| in locum deiectus inferiorem: ‘he slipped down a place where there was a slight drop.’ In this whole story we may suspect that Caesar is using a little rhetorical artifice to contrast the vigour of the privates with the slackness of Cotta and Sabinus; and, in particular, to show how personal rivalry spurred the former to deeds of valour, and disabled the latter. (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| === Huic rursus circumvento fert subsidium Pullo, atque ambo incolumes compluribus interfectis summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt. ===
| |
| | |
| ambo: ''both''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === Sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque versavit, ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset, neque diiudicari posset, uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur. ===
| |
| | |
| Utrumque: ''each''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| Anteferendus videretur: ''seemed superior (to be preferred)''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| == Section 45 ==
| |
| | |
| === Quanto erat in dies gravior atque asperior oppugnatio, et maxime quod magna parte militum confecta vulneribus res ad paucitatem defensorum pervenerat, tanto crebriores litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur; quorum pars deprehensa in conspectu nostrorum militum cum cruciatu necabatur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Erat unus intus Nervius, nomine Vertico, loco natus honesto, qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat, suamque ei fidem praestiterat. ===
| |
| | |
| === Hic servo spe libertatis magnisque persuadet praemiis ut litteras ad Caesarem deferat. ===
| |
| | |
| === Has ille in iaculo illigatas effert, et Gallus inter Gallos sine ulla suspicione versatus ad Caesarem pervenit. Ab eo de periculis Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 46 ==
| |
| | |
| === Caesar, acceptis litteris hora circiter undecima diei, statim nuntium in Bellovacos ad M. Crassum quaestorem mittit, cuius hiberna aberant ab eo milia passuum XXV; iubet media nocte legionem proficisci celeriterque ad se venire. ===
| |
| | |
| === Exit cum nuntio Crassus. Alterum ad Gaium Fabium legatum mittit, ut in Atrebatium fines legionem adducat, qua sibi iter faciendum sciebat. ===
| |
| | |
| sciebat: Caesar is the subject. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === Scribit Labieno, si rei publicae commodo facere posset, cum legione ad fines Nerviorum veniat. ===
| |
| | |
| === Reliquam partem exercitus, quod paulo aberat longius, non putat exspectandam; equites circiter quadringentos ex proximis hibernis colligit. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 47 ==
| |
| | |
| === Hora circiter tertia ab antecursoribus de Crassi adventu certior factus, eo die milia passuum XX procedit. ===
| |
| | |
| antecursoribus: the vanguard of Crassus’s cavalry or his scouts. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Crassum Samarobrivae praeficit legionemque attribuit, quod ibi impedimenta exercitus, obsides civitatum, litteras publicas, frumentumque omne quod eo tolerandae hiemis causa devexerat relinquebat. ===
| |
| | |
| === Fabius, ut imperatum erat, non ita multum moratus in itinere cum legione occurrit. ===
| |
|
| |
| === Labienus, interitu Sabini et caede cohortium cognita, cum omnes ad eum Treverorum copiae venissent veritus ne, si ex hibernis fugae similem profectionem fecisset, ut hostium impetum sustinere non posset, praesertim quos recenti victoria efferri sciret, litteras Caesari remittit: quanto cum periculo legionem ex hibernis educturus esset; ===
| |
| | |
| quos…sciret = cum eos sciret. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| quos sciret: ''since he knew that they''. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === rem gestam in Eburonibus perscribit; docet omnis equitatus peditatusque copias Treverorum tria milia passuum longe ab suis castris consedisse. ===
| |
| | |
| consido, -ere, -sedi, -sessum: take position. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| == Section 48 ==
| |
| | |
| === Caesar, consilio eius probato, etsi opinione trium legionum deiectus ad duas redierat, tamen unum communis salutis auxilium in celeritate ponebat. Venit magnis itineribus in Nerviorum fines. ===
| |
| | |
| opinione: ''expectation''. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| opinione trium legionum deiectus: &c., ‘although he was disappointed in his expectation of three legions, and found himself reduced to only two.’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| === Ibi ex captivis cognoscit quae apud Ciceronem gerantur quantoque in periculo res sit. ===
| |
| | |
| === Tum cuidam ex equitibus Gallis magnis praemiis persuadet uti ad Ciceronem epistolam deferat. ===
| |
| | |
| === Hanc Graecis conscriptam litteris mittit, ne intercepta epistola nostra ab hostibus consilia cognoscantur. ===
| |
| | |
| Graecis…litteris: we must understand this to mean ‘in the Greek language,’ as we know from Caesar himself that the Greek characters were well understood in Gaul. (Stock)
| |
| | |
| Graecis litteris: i.e. ''in Greek letters''. The Guals were well acquainted with the Greek characters. According to Polyaenus the dispatch contained merely the words, “Caesar to Cicero. Be of good courage. Expect aid.” (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Gracis litteris: apparently Latin words in Greek characters. Caesar sometimes made use of a cipher. (Hodges)
| |
| | |
| === Si adire non possit, monet ut tragulam cum epistola ad ammentum deligata intra munitionem castrorum abiciat. ===
| |
| | |
| === In litteris scribit se cum legionibus profectum celeriter adfore; hortatur ut pristinam virtutem retineat. ===
| |
| | |
| adfore: adsum, adesse, adfui: to be present, be at hand; to be near at hand. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| pristinus, -a, -um: previous; former; tried, oldtime. (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === Gallus periculum veritus, ut erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit. ===
| |
| | |
| === Haec casu ad turrim adhaesit neque ab nostris biduo animadversa tertio die a quodam milite conspicitur, dempta ad Ciceronem defertur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Ille perlectam in conventu militum recitat, maximaque omnes laetitia adficit. ===
| |
| | |
| === Tum fumi incendiorum procul videbantur, quae res omnem dubitationem adventus legionum expulit. ===
| |
| | |
| = Text: Book 6 =
| |
| | |
| == Section 13 ==
| |
| | |
| === In omni Gallia eorum hominum qui aliquo sunt numero atque honore genera sunt duo. Nam plebes paene servorum habetur loco, quae nihil audet per se, nullo adhibetur consilio. ===
| |
| | |
| aliquo numero: ‘of any account’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| aliquo numero: ‘in any consideration’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| === Plerique, cum aut aere alieno aut magnitudine tributorum aut iniuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem dicant nobilibus, quibus in hos eadem omnia sunt iura quae dominis in servos. ===
| |
| | |
| cum…premuntur: a general condition expressing repeated action, '''cum''' meaning ''whenever'' or ''as often as''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| quae dominis: (dat. of poss.) ''as masters have'' (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| === Sed de his duobus generibus alterum est druidum, alterum equitum. Illi rebus divinis intersunt, sacrificia publica ac privata procurant, religiones interpretantur: ad hos magnus adulescentium numerus disciplinae causa concurrit, magnoque hi sunt apud eos honore. ===
| |
| | |
| === Nam fere de omnibus controversiis publicis privatisque constituunt et, si quod est admissum facinus, si caedes facta, si de hereditate, de finibus controversia est, idem decernunt, praemia poenasque constituunt; si qui aut privatus aut populus eorum decreto non stetit, sacrificiis interdicunt. Haec poena apud eos est gravissima. ===
| |
| | |
| decreto non stetit: ‘does not abide by the decision’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === Quibus ita est interdictum, hi numero impiorum ac sceleratorum habentur, his omnes decedunt, aditum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant, neque his petentibus ius redditur, neque honos ullus communicatur. ===
| |
| | |
| === His autem omnibus druidibus praeest unus, qui summam inter eos habet auctoritatem. ===
| |
| | |
| === Hoc mortuo, aut si qui ex reliquis excellit dignitate succedit, aut, si sunt plures pares, suffragio druidum, non numquam etiam armis de principatu contendunt. ===
| |
| | |
| === Hi certo anni tempore in finibus Carnutum, quae regio totius Galliae media habetur, considunt in loco consecrato. ===
| |
| | |
| === Huc omnes undique qui controversias habent conveniunt eorumque decretis iudiciisque parent. ===
| |
| | |
| === Disciplina in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur, et nunc qui diligentius eam rem cognoscere volunt plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 14 ==
| |
| | |
| === Druides a bello abesse consuerunt, neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt; militiae vacationem omniumque rerum habent immunitatem. ===
| |
| | |
| vacatio, -onis f.: dispensation from (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === Tantis excitati praemiis et sua sponte multi in disciplinam conveniunt et a parentibus propinquisque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur. ===
| |
| | |
| excito, -are: incite, stir up (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| sponte: adverbial ablative: unaided; on one’s own accord (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| === Itaque annos non nulli XX in disciplina permanent. Neque fas esse existimant ea litteris mandare, cum in reliquis fere rebus, publicis privatisque rationibus, Graecis litteris utantur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Id mihi duabus de causis instituisse videntur, quod neque in vulgum disciplinam efferri velint neque eos qui discunt litteris confisos minus memoriae studere; quod fere plerisque accidit ut praesidio litterarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant. ===
| |
| | |
| litteris confisos: ''by trusting to written words'' (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| minus studere: ‘to pay less attention to’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| quod neque velint: ‘because it is supposed that they do not wish’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| praesidio: lit. ‘because of the protection of’ = ‘depending on’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === In primis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios, atque hoc maxime ad virtutem excitari putant, metu mortis neglecto. ===
| |
| | |
| hoc: (acc.; more usually ''illud'') refers to what follows; ''hoc'' (abl.) to what has just been said (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| excitari: ‘that men are incited’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| quod…remittant: ‘which is the result in most cases, that persons relying on the aid of writing lose their perseverance in learning by heart as well as their retentiveness of memory’ (Peskett)
| |
| | |
| === Multa praeterea de sideribus atque eorum motu, de mundi ac terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura, de deorum immortalium vi ac potestate disputant et iuventuti tradunt. ===
| |
| | |
| multa…disputant: ‘they also theorise largely’ (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| == Section 15 ==
| |
| | |
| === Alterum genus est equitum. ===
| |
| | |
| === Hi, cum est usus atque aliquod bellum incidit (quod fere ante Caesaris adventum quotannis accidere solebat, uti aut ipsi iniurias inferrent aut illatas propulsarent), omnes in bello versantur; atque eorum ut quisque est genere copiisque amplissimus, ita plurimos circum se ambactos clientisque habet. ===
| |
| | |
| usus: a noun (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| versantur: ''engaged'', or ''are employed'' (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| ut quisque…ita: ''the more…the more''. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| ut quisque amplissimus…ita plurimos: ''the more powerful…the greater number'' (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Hanc unam gratiam potentiamque noverunt. ===
| |
| | |
| == Section 16 ==
| |
| | |
| === Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita religionibus, atque ob eam causam qui sunt adfecti gravioribus morbis quique in proeliis periculisque versantur aut pro victimis homines immolant aut se immolaturos vovent, administrisque ad ea sacrificia druidibus utuntur; quod, pro vita hominis nisi hominis vita reddatur, non posse deorum immortalium numen placari arbitrantur, publiceque eiusdem generis habent instituta sacrificia. ===
| |
| | |
| natio, -onis f.: race, people; of different tribes within Gaul (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| admodum: adv.: very, very much (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| homines immolant: the practice of human sacrifice is thought (by Thierry) to have been obsolete at this time in Gaul. Caesar appears not to have known any actual instances of it. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| hominess: object of both ''immolant'' and ''immolaturos''. Although Caesar does not say that he saw an instance of human sacrifice, there is no good reason to doubt the truth of his statement. The practice seems to have ceased after the Roman conquest. (Walker)
| |
| | |
| publice: ‘on behalf of the state’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| habent instituta: lit. ‘they have…established,’ = ‘they regularly perform.’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === Alii immani magnitudine simulacra habent, quorum contexta viminibus membra vivis hominibus complent; quibus succensis circumventi flamma exanimantur homines. ===
| |
| | |
| === Supplicia eorum qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut aliqua noxia sint comprehensi gratiora dis immortalibus esse arbitrantur; sed, cum eius generis copia defecit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt. ===
| |
| | |
| noxia: ‘offence,’ the usual meaning of ''noxia'', whereas ''noxa'' is rather the punishment for the offence. (Peskett)
| |
| | |
| == Section 17 ==
| |
| | |
| === Deum maxime Mercurium colunt. Huius sunt plurima simulacra, hunc omnium inventorem artium ferunt, hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaestus pecuniae mercaturasque habere vim maximam arbitrantur. ===
| |
| | |
| === Post hunc Apollinem et Martem et Iovem et Minervam. ===
| |
| | |
| === De his eandem fere quam reliquae gentes habent opinionem: Apollinem morbos depellere, Minervam operum atque artificiorum initia tradere, Iovem imperium caelestium tenere, Martem bella regere. ===
| |
| | |
| === Huic, cum proelio dimicare constituerunt, ea quae bello ceperint plerumque devovent: quae superaverunt, animalia capta immolant, reliquasque res in unum locum conferunt. ===
| |
| | |
| === Multis in civitatibus harum rerum exstructos tumulos locis consecratis conspicari licet, neque saepe accidit ut neglecta quispiam religione aut capta apud se occultare aut posita tollere auderet, gravissimumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum est. ===
| |
| | |
| neglecta religione: i.e. in violation of his vow (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| capta: taken as spoil (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| == Section 18 ==
| |
| | |
| === Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos praedicant, idque ab Druidibus proditum dicunt. ===
| |
| | |
| Dite: = ''Pluto'', the god of Darkness, or the Underworld (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| Ab Dite prognatos: apparently meaning that they sprang from the soil. (Walker)
| |
| | |
| === Ob eam causam spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum sed noctium finiunt; dies natalis et mensum et annorum initia sic observant ut noctem dies subsequatur. ===
| |
| | |
| === In reliquis vitae institutis hoc fere ab reliquis differunt quod suos liberos, nisi cum adoleverunt ut munus militiae sustinere possint, palam ad se adire non patiuntur filiumque puerili aetate in publico in conspectu patris adsistere turpe ducunt. ===
| |
| | |
| Suos liberos: &c.: The Romans, on the other hand, accustomed their sons to public life, and in early times even took them with them into the Senate. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| turpe ducunt: ''they consider it disgraceful'', ''turpe'' being pred. adj. agreeing with the infin. clause (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| palam…adire: ‘to approach them in public.’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| == Section 19 ==
| |
| | |
| === Viri quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis nomine acceperunt tantas ex suis bonis aestimatione facta cum dotibus communicant. Huius omnis pecuniae coniunctim ratio habetur fructusque servantur: uter eorum vita superarit, ad eum pars utriusque cum fructibus superiorum temporum pervenit. ===
| |
| | |
| quantas…communicant: the husband deposits, in a common fund, an amount equal to the wife’s marriage-portion. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| viri, quantas pecunias acceperunt, tantas cum dotibus communicant: ‘husbands add to the dowry s much property as they have received.’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| coniunctim: adv.: jointly (Sihler)
| |
| | |
| fructus: ''revenues'', or ''profits'' (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| uter vita superarit: whichever of the two outlives the other receives both ‘dos’ and ‘donatio;’ with the interest which has accrued from each during the time of the marriage. (Moberly)
| |
| | |
| === Viri in uxores, sicuti in liberos, vitae necisque habent potestatem; et cum pater familiae illustriore loco natus decessit, eius propinqui conveniunt et, de morte si res in suspicionem venit, de uxoribus in servilem modum quaestionem habent et, si compertum est, igni atque omnibus tormentis excruciatas interficiunt. ===
| |
| | |
| === Funera sunt pro cultu Gallorum magnifica et sumptuosa; omniaque quae vivis cordi fuisse arbitrantur in ignem inferunt, etiam animalia: ac paulo supra hanc memoriam servi et clientes quos ab eis dilectos esse constabat iustis funeribus confectis una cremabantur. ===
| |
| | |
| pro cultu: ''considering the degree of refinement'' (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| vivis cordi fuisse: ‘were dear to them when alive.’ The burning of the dead was not the only method used by the Gauls. Tombs have been opened which contained vases, rings, armor and the bones of horses and dogs. (Walker)
| |
| | |
| hanc = nostram (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| iustis: ''right'', by conventional rule. When these had been fulfilled, the sacrifice was added. (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| dilectos: distinguish from ''delectos''. (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| supra hanc memoriam: ‘before our time’ (Walker)
| |
| | |
| == Section 20 ==
| |
| | |
| === Quae civitates commodius suam rem publicam administrare existimantur habent legibus sanctum, si quis quid de re publica a finitimis rumore aut fama acceperit, uti ad magistratum deferat neve cum quo alio communicet: quod saepe homines temerarios atque imperitos falsis rumoribus terreri et ad facinus impelli et de summis rebus consilium capere cognitum est. ===
| |
| | |
| legibus sanctum: ''established by law'', agreeing with the clause si…communicet (obj. of habent) (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| quo: indef., ''any one'' (nequis) (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| neve: ''and that not'', the regular connective for a negative purpose clause (Allen & Greenough)
| |
| | |
| === Magistratus quae visa sunt occultant, quaeque esse ex usu iudicaverunt multitudini produnt. De re publica nisi per concilium loqui non conceditur. ===
| |
| | |
| quae visa sunt: ''what they think fit'' to conceal (Allen & Judson)
| |
| | |
| quae visa sunt: ''what they think fit'' to conceal (understand ''occultanda'') (Allen & Greenough)
| |
