NotesBG4.26

pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter: ‘sharp fighting was kept up by both sides’ (Kelsey)

alius alia ex navi: men from different ships (Allen & Greenough); ‘one from this ship, another from that…’ (Kelsey)

quibuscumque…aggregabat: ‘gathered about whatever standards they chanced upon’ (Walker). aggrego, -are: [ad + grex, flock], unite in a flock; assemble, join, attach. (Walker)

signis: signa were the standards of individual cohorts. (Towle & Jenks)

ordines servare: ‘to keep the ranks’ (Kelsey)

singulares: ‘one by one’ (Kelsey); ‘scattered soldiers’ (Allen & Greenough)

vadis: ‘the shallow places’ (Towle and Jenks)

ubi…conspexerant…adoriebantur, etc.: a general condition, ‘whenever they saw,’ etc. (Allen & Greenough). The pluperfect instead of the usual perfect with ubi, expressing repeated action, just as the following imperfects do. (Walker)

adoriebantur: ‘would attack’ (Allen & Greenough)

universos: universos does not mean all the Roman soldiers; for the line of ships from which they were landing must have been fully a mile long. The word is contrasted with singulares and means 'an entire group' (Rice Holmes).

Scapha, -ae f.: skiff, boat (Walker)

speculatorius, -a, -um: of a spy, spying, scounting. (Walker)

simul: = simul atque (Walker).

neque: 'but...not' (Walker).

longius: 'very far' (Walker)

capere: 'reach' (Walker)

hoc unum: the pursuit by the cavalry was an important part of every regular engagement (Walker).

hoc unum…defuit: In fact, a tide of disasters was now setting in to continue several years (Allen & Judson).