Eugenics Perspectives

Definition

The word eugenics means to be "well born" and the scientific portion of it was to understand the principles of genetics in order to improve human heredity (Cogdell). Francis Galton, who first used eugenics, wanted to improve humanity by giving future generation more suitable strains of blood and races; thus a better chance of prevailing over less suitable ones.

Darwin to Eugenics

Francis Galton, cousin of Charles Darwin, was one of the first to recognize the implications of Darwin's theory of evolution. He noticed that the theory of evolution invalidated many parts of contemporary theology and had opened the door for improving mankind.

American Roots

In 1906 a group was created by an extension of the American Breeders Association that gave the United States its first organization in eugenics. In 1910 the socio-political portion of eugenics created a stir among the public. It had moral issues of diminishing the unfit while at the same time trying to increase the birthrate of the fit. (Cogdell)

Early Scientific Analysis

Due to the level of scientific analysis of things like heredity and the debate between traits being passed on through birth or being adopted through the environment, Eugenics did not catch on as quickly as the movement wanted it to. For example, a disease which is communicable through birth such as Syphilis, was sometimes thought to be a genetic disorder. A carryover from the mother and father. (McCann) This type of congenital disease would thus be grouped together with something that was actually a genetic disorder.

Errors

This type of error only goes to disprove some of the foundations in the the logic behind eugenics. To add to this another scientific error committed was the thought that genes were transmitted without any sort of mutuation from the parents to the child. When these theories began to be discredited by the scientific community, Eugenics received less support from the scientific community.

Mendelian

The rules of inheritance: ex. "feeblemindedness was transmitted as regularly and as surely as color of hair or eyes." (McCann) From this simple rule, as well as others, Eugenicists would trace the histories of many "degenerate" families and also families of "good stock" and would, time and time again, find the same results. A family of degenerates would produce more of them, and vice versa. Here is where economics would start to play a role. Once the "degenerate" family could be traced back to a single "degenerate" mother, economists/eugenicists would add up the social cost and burden to the community of the large family tree. From this the sterilization of just one "unfit" will save the fit from the ever growing burden or murderers, thieves, rapists, etc. (McCann)

Progression

As any science of its time, Eugenics did progress in America, but there was increasing numbers on both sides of the debate. Science, methodology and studies would justify falsify, prove and disprove both sides. The end result was that the science was accepted, and did play a role in American thought, politics and economics.

American Legislation

In the United States eugenics found its way into not only the minds of economists and and thiners of the day but also into politics. Legislation started a couple decades later than the movement did, as the popularity grew.

Paper Ammo

Propaganda played a major role in convincing or pacifying the masses in Germany at the time. Even now, due to the Nazi regime's ability to sterilize or exterminate who was subjectively defined as "unfit," we have little record of some of the goings on. In particular, before directing the scapegoating at Jews, gypsies and handicapped were sterilized or executed. Since we have few memoirs left by handicapped patients, whether killed off or sterilized.

Nazi Germany

Hitler was a popular and powerful man during his time in Nazi Germany. Hitler had always had strong beliefs against modern, urban society for its rampant immorality, and even the proliferation of sexual immorality and prostitution. Through out his political campagne he promised moral improvement, health, prosperity, and power. To the young minds, Nazism seemed like atype of utopia because the Nazi propaganda portrayed the Nazis as clean cut. decent, upstanding members of society.

Hitler used eugenics to his advantage to become this powerful political figure. Hitler did not follow the Judeo-Christian ethics,but he did follow the ethics of evolution that made Darwinian fitness and health the only criteria for moral standards. Did Hitler steal Darwinians ideas and use it with his own evil plans or did he just get on the bandwagon and follow the rules of Darwinians. A theory has been made that Hitler imbibed the social Darwinist ideas and blended it with virulent anti-semitism.

Hitler's sole arbiter for morality came from the Darwinian struggle for existence, including the the struggle between races. Hitler did not believe in universal moral standards, he believed in his own moral standards. Hitler believed that human morality was a product of the evolutionary process, and concidered morality one of the greates evolutionary advances. Though Hitler had no evidence to support his view on human morality. In other words he had no criteria to determine what was higher or better.

It was in his book Mein Kampf, that Hitler explained his eugenic reasons for a better society. He redefined humaneness by stripping individuals of their moral rights and arguing the destrcution of the weak by the strong is humane. Hitler used the idea of Darwinist that believed group competition played a crucial role in the developing of human societies and the evolution of morality. Hitler opted for a two prong strategy to promote the "Aryan Race" through artificial and natural selection. Since Hitler believed that the German race were physically and intellectually better than those outside of Germany, his eugenics and policital policies were linked to programs that preserved and improved the human species. His global plan was to eliminate other races because they were not morally superior to the German morals. Hitler claimed that the Aryan Race were less egotistic and more more altruistic than any other race. To continue with his belief about the Aryan Race, any act that promoted victory for the Aryan Race was morally right. To explain some aspects of it, Hitler denied abortion to healthy German woman unless the infant would likely have a congenital illness, but he approved abortion for the inferior races.