Demographics And The Celtic Tiger: Difference between revisions
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There are two main ideas of the population age distribution. The first states that your age depends on what your actions are in the economy. In general, young people tend to consume more while people that are of working age tend to produce more while the elderly falling somewhere in between the two. So if a country has a large working age population, there will tend to be an increase in economic growth whereas if a country had a large younger and elderly population the economic growth will tend to slow down. The second idea is the idea of changes in the age structure, mentioned above. The fact that there is a decline in morality first and a decline in morality second causes there to be a lag which causes there to be a population growth in the youth generation, and when they reach working age, there should be an increase in economic growth. [[Source Page| [3]]] | There are two main ideas of the population age distribution. The first states that your age depends on what your actions are in the economy. In general, young people tend to consume more while people that are of working age tend to produce more while the elderly falling somewhere in between the two. So if a country has a large working age population, there will tend to be an increase in economic growth whereas if a country had a large younger and elderly population the economic growth will tend to slow down. The second idea is the idea of changes in the age structure, mentioned above. The fact that there is a decline in morality first and a decline in morality second causes there to be a lag which causes there to be a population growth in the youth generation, and when they reach working age, there should be an increase in economic growth. [[Source Page| [3]]] | ||
One reason for the high fertility rates was the fact that methods of contraception were not made legal until 1980. Combining the high fertility rates with the generally low mortality rates causes the differences in the population age distribution. From 1922 to 1980 Ireland had a very strict restriction on any use of contraception. Throughout this time many women found excuses to use any form of birth control, and through the women’s movement it finally became legal. Not only did this decrease the fertility rates, but it increased the amount of females in the labor force since they no longer had to worry about raising a family. This is another input in the economic boom of Ireland. | One reason for the high fertility rates was the fact that methods of contraception were not made legal until 1980. Combining the high fertility rates with the generally low mortality rates causes the differences in the population age distribution. From 1922 to 1980 Ireland had a very strict restriction on any use of contraception. Throughout this time many women found excuses to use any form of birth control, and through the women’s movement it finally became legal. Not only did this decrease the fertility rates, but it increased the amount of females in the labor force since they no longer had to worry about raising a family. This is another input in the economic boom of Ireland. | ||
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''The graph above shows the Total Fertility Rate in Ireland and the UK. Notice that once methods of contraception are made legal in 1980, the amount of children per women in Ireland becomes very similar to that of the UK.'' | |||
It is important to note that demographic change does not automatically imply economic growth, it simply creates a potential. It is up to the country’s economic policies to help the boom progress. For example, Latin America had very similar demographics which should allow room for a economic growth. Unfortunately there were components that prevented this from happening such as high inflation and political instability. In East Asia, the economic growth known as the “Asian Tiger,” had everything going for them. They had promising demographics as well as economic policies, thus they experienced major growth. Ireland seems to be in a similar situation as the Asian Tiger. | It is important to note that demographic change does not automatically imply economic growth, it simply creates a potential. It is up to the country’s economic policies to help the boom progress. For example, Latin America had very similar demographics which should allow room for a economic growth. Unfortunately there were components that prevented this from happening such as high inflation and political instability. In East Asia, the economic growth known as the “Asian Tiger,” had everything going for them. They had promising demographics as well as economic policies, thus they experienced major growth. Ireland seems to be in a similar situation as the Asian Tiger. | ||
In general there were two main policies that Ireland had. The first was developed in the 1950s and was in response to the fact that the “closed economy” strategy had failed. This led to Ireland creating policies with an emphasis on encouraging exports as well as direct foreign investment. The second policy was to have free secondary education which allows for an increase in school enrollments and thus more people go on to get a higher education. This combined with export oriented policies made sure the demographic transition was taken advantage of. All these policies allowed the Irish economy to be more flexible and able to profit from the demographic change. | In general there were two main policies that Ireland had. The first was developed in the 1950s and was in response to the fact that the “closed economy” strategy had failed. This led to Ireland creating policies with an emphasis on encouraging exports as well as direct foreign investment. The second policy was to have free secondary education which allows for an increase in school enrollments and thus more people go on to get a higher education. This combined with export oriented policies made sure the demographic transition was taken advantage of. All these policies allowed the Irish economy to be more flexible and able to profit from the demographic change. | ||
Revision as of 03:42, 28 April 2006
Demographics
There are many explanations for what contributed to the economic growth of Ireland, including increased exports, increases in foreign direct investment, and increased levels of education. One explanation that is being examined further is the link between demographic change and economic growth. In the past, it has been thought that demographic change does not effect economic growth, but in the context of Ireland's economic boom, this is not the case. In Ireland, the changing age structure has had important relevance in the economy. Changing age structure is the conversion from high rates of mortality and fertility to low rates of mortailty and fertility. In general, changing age structure occurs when high rates of mortality fall before fertility rates, which as a result causes a “bulge” in population growth. This means that there are more people being born than people dying, and this leads to growth in the population. When the generation that experiences the poputlation growth "bulge" enters the work force, the country will economically benefit from increases in employment and production.
In Ireland, there has always been a low mortality rate. There has also been an increase in the birth rate up until 1980 before methods of contraception were made legal. The combination of low death rates and high birth rates would have led to a dramatic growth in population, however, this growth was offset by significantly high rates of net migration. Therefore, the effect of the changing age structure did not have the results that would generally be expected. Despite these factors, Ireland still experienced population growth. Once those who were born during this growth in population were old enough to enter the work force, production in Ireland increased thus growth increased.
In the past, it was mainly argued that population growth had a negative effect on the growth rate of the income per person, and there has been little evidence to counter this argument. But studies have continually shown the support for the population neutralist view which is “population growth neither systematically impedes nor promotes economic growth.” [3] Basically population growth has no effect on economic growth. More recently though, new evidence has emerged that argues against the previous views and stresses the importance of the population age distribution.
There are two main ideas of the population age distribution. The first states that your age depends on what your actions are in the economy. In general, young people tend to consume more while people that are of working age tend to produce more while the elderly falling somewhere in between the two. So if a country has a large working age population, there will tend to be an increase in economic growth whereas if a country had a large younger and elderly population the economic growth will tend to slow down. The second idea is the idea of changes in the age structure, mentioned above. The fact that there is a decline in morality first and a decline in morality second causes there to be a lag which causes there to be a population growth in the youth generation, and when they reach working age, there should be an increase in economic growth. [3]
One reason for the high fertility rates was the fact that methods of contraception were not made legal until 1980. Combining the high fertility rates with the generally low mortality rates causes the differences in the population age distribution. From 1922 to 1980 Ireland had a very strict restriction on any use of contraception. Throughout this time many women found excuses to use any form of birth control, and through the women’s movement it finally became legal. Not only did this decrease the fertility rates, but it increased the amount of females in the labor force since they no longer had to worry about raising a family. This is another input in the economic boom of Ireland.
The graph above shows the Total Fertility Rate in Ireland and the UK. Notice that once methods of contraception are made legal in 1980, the amount of children per women in Ireland becomes very similar to that of the UK.
It is important to note that demographic change does not automatically imply economic growth, it simply creates a potential. It is up to the country’s economic policies to help the boom progress. For example, Latin America had very similar demographics which should allow room for a economic growth. Unfortunately there were components that prevented this from happening such as high inflation and political instability. In East Asia, the economic growth known as the “Asian Tiger,” had everything going for them. They had promising demographics as well as economic policies, thus they experienced major growth. Ireland seems to be in a similar situation as the Asian Tiger.
In general there were two main policies that Ireland had. The first was developed in the 1950s and was in response to the fact that the “closed economy” strategy had failed. This led to Ireland creating policies with an emphasis on encouraging exports as well as direct foreign investment. The second policy was to have free secondary education which allows for an increase in school enrollments and thus more people go on to get a higher education. This combined with export oriented policies made sure the demographic transition was taken advantage of. All these policies allowed the Irish economy to be more flexible and able to profit from the demographic change.
